Dissecting the Membrane Association Mechanism of Aerolysin Pores at Femtomolar Concentrations Using Water as a Probe

In this scientific article published in Nano Letters, Second Harmonic Scattering is used to probe the membrane association mechanism of aerolysin pores.

Here the researchers measures changes in the SHS of water completely in solution, without any requirement of coupling to a surface. SHS is indeed really a label-free sensing technique (no tags, fluorophores or even protein absorbance).

See the full paper here.